Polybutenes is a hydrophobic material that is derivatized to make anti-rust additives and detergents.. The two ingredients are lovely when paired, but they arent interchangeable. Belongs to the Following Reactive Group(s) . Polybutylene terephthalate is used for housings in electrical engineering, but also in automotive construction as plug connectors and in households for example in showerheads or irons. The average molecular weight is 500 to 5500. Polybutene-1 polymers, unlike polybutene, have high . On the other hand they allow us to improve our content for you by saving and analyzing anonymized user data. The lower molecular weight of polybutene is one reason why polybutenes are liquids. Recommended Personal Protective Equipment: Goggles or face shield; Symptoms Following Exposure: Low toxicity. The 10 Best Shaving Creams of 2023, Tested and Reviewed hb```". @1f:}e05yk00(@@ Revlon Super Lustrous Lipstick, Pearl Finish, High Impact Lipcolor with Moisturizing Creamy Formula, Infused with Vitamin E and Avocado Oil, 205 Champagne On Ice, 0.15 oz . MIC Corrosion: How Can Microorganisms Eat Holes in a Metal? It is characterized by low moisture absorption, excellent electrical properties, and good chemical resistance, mechanical strength, and heat resistance. [19], There is evidence to suggest that the presence of chlorine and chloramine compounds in municipal water (often deliberately added to retard bacterial growth) will cause deterioration of the internal chemical structure of polybutylene piping and the associated acetal fittings. Make it Up: The Essential Guide to DIY Makeup and Skin Care is now available at booksellers all over the world! Polybutene, Polybutene supplier, Polybutene distributor, CAS 9003-28-5 9003-29-6 , Polybutene manufacturer, Polybutene wholesale . Polybutene can shrink more if it is cooled down further or subject to greater pressure. With the help of these cookies we strive to improve our offer for our users. Crystal structural evolution of Polybutene-1 in solid state upon [7] Additional features include excellent wet abrasion resistance, easy melt flowability (shear thinning), and good dispersion of fillers. [2] It is a thermoplastic (semi-)crystalline polymer, and a type of polyester. It is calculated using a weight-of-evidence . Liquid polybutene is also usedas a thinnerin the manufacture of many hot-melt adhesives (otherwise known as hot glue) at a specific melting point. Standard viscosities available are 10, 40 and 100 (mm/s at 100). The pre-catalysts are activated by combinations of organoaluminum compounds and other types of organic or organometallic modifiers. Stored somewhere cool, dark, and dry, polybutene should last at least 3 years. PublicSpectra. Even though the poybutene I have is very viscous, it doesnt work for suspending ingredients likecoloured micas, pigments, and dyes. Chemsrc provides Polybutenes (CAS#:9003-29-6) MSDS, density, melting point, boiling point, structure, formula, molecular weight etc. Saves anonymous user data from multiple website visits on multiple sites to test advertisement efficiency. Decorative Coatings. Polybutene | 9003-28-5 such as a virus or attack. Polybutene is similar to polyisobutylene (PIB), but the two compounds differ in certain regards. National Center for Biotechnology Information . PBS may entirely . 31 0 obj <>stream livre physique chimie seconde nathan sirius corrig 2019 pdf; polybutene structural formula. Enter a chemical name, synonym or CAS# below to search. Softening Point 60 c. tony roberts comedian net worth; preston magistrates sentencing; diamond sparkle effect in after effects; stock moe portfolio spreadsheet; car parking charges at princess alexandra hospital harlow PDF Chemical structure for Polyisobutylene (C4H8 n - University of South Polybutene-1 has a density of 0.92g/cm3 and a melting range of 124C-130C. PB-1, when applied as a pure or reinforced resin, can replace materials like metal, rubber and engineering polymers. Polybutene is safe to use, because it is non-toxic. Polybutene | Sigma-Aldrich Articles of Polybutenes are included as well. Iupac Name but-1-ene. Isotactic PB-1 is produced commercially using two types of heterogeneous ZieglerNatta catalysts. An ultra-hydrating hybrid gloss plumper delivers nourishment while enhancing lips for a naturally full pout. Polybutene is a type of polymeric molecule composed of 1-butene, 2-butene and isobutylene, which are all isomers of butene (non-cyclic C4H8), a basic hydrocarbon with four carbon atoms. return. This website participates in the Formula Botanica, Baraka Shea Butter, TKB Trading, and Amazon affiliate programs; as an Amazon Associate, Humblebee & Me earns from qualifying purchases. The molecular weight of the end product is limited by the reaction temperature used in the chamber. Recent Searches. PBT is a semi-crystalline and tough engineering thermoplastic. Subscribe to our newsletter to get expert advice and top insights on corrosion science, mitigation and prevention. Mobile point -37 C ~ 25. 166 Polymer Insulator Stock Photos and Images - 123RF You can find our solutions for the relevant product area by clicking on the corresponding symbol. PubChem . A maximum concentration of 82.4% for leave-on products and 20% for rinse off is listed for polybutene (this lower rinse-off level is likely due to it being very difficult to rinse off). In combination with its low melting point it can be employed in halogen-free flame retardant composites or as masterbatch carrier for thermo-sensitive pigments. You can find polybutene in popular formulations like Pat McGrath Labs lipsticks, Tower 28 Beauty Jelly Lip Glosses, Sephora Lip Gloss, Jaclyn Hills Lip Oil, and Essence Cosmetics Lip Oil. 2-Butene is also linear with a formulation of CH 3 CH=CH=CH 3. Butene: Butene is an alkene. The overall market share in Europe and Asia is rather small but PB-1 piping systems have shown a steady growth in recent years. Other features include low noise transmission, low linear thermal expansion, no corrosion and calcification. Polybutene is quite different from Hydrogenated Polyisobutenethe primary ingredient in Versagel ME 750. The continuous service temperature for unfilled PBT is 194F (90C) and for fiberglass reinforced PBT is 240F (115C). Finally, polybutene is just as useful in polymer blends due to its ability to help optimize the chemical properties of the end product. -196C EPA Substance Registry System Polybutene (9003-29-6) More Safety The rats were monitored for their body weights, mortality and reactions, tumor incidence, and hematologic, urologic, and pathologic changes. Unit 1 - Elaborations - Structural Formulas - University of Wisconsin Polybutene is a rich, non-drying emollient that is a fantastic lubricant and gloss-boosting ingredient. [3] It shows lower resistance to aromatic and chlorinated hydrocarbons as well as oxidising acids than other polymers such as polysulfone and polyamide 6/6. The products testing produced no irritation or sensitization. (Source: CIR Safety Assessment of Polyene Group as Used in Cosmetics). Used to store the attribution information, the referrer initially used to visit the website. | Head of the Corrosion, Arab Petroleum Pipelines, By: Greg Denton Blending PB-1 into polypropylene, heat sealing temperatures as low as 65C can be achieved, maintaining a broad sealing window and good optical film properties. The data for both butenes are in agreement with chemical equilibrium calculations which assume that shock-compressed hydrocarbons dissociate and form a two-phase mixture consisting of molecular hydrogen and . Polybutenes | CAS#:9003-29-6 | Chemsrc butene, also called Butylene, any of four isomeric compounds belonging to the series of olefinic hydrocarbons. Trust is the basis of every partnership. CN104355565A - Formula for natural waterproof coating - Google Catalysts [ edit] | Pipeline Coatings Application Consultant, Crest Industrial Chemicals, By: Steven Bradley It is used to make up for the shortcomings of polyvinyl acetate hardening when cold and the population being too soft after saliva. Markush Class. This information is used to compile report and improve site. It also has low creep, excellent chemical resistance, and abrasion resistance with coilability. . We create world-leading educational content about corrosion and how to preserve the integrity of the worlds infrastructure and assets. Our polybutenes are used in adhesives and sealants, rubbers, and a number of other applications. Impellers are made from various metals such as steel, iron or bronze, as well as plastics. Polybutene is a particularly suitable additive in rubber production. Among others, these include oils and fluids, as well as films. away script or learning how to better use E-utilities, This page was last edited on 22 January 2023, at 07:30. As one of the worlds leading producers of PIB, we offer the broadest range of polyisobutenes with different molecular weights. There were no observed sensitivity reactions. Molecular formula The molecular formula identifies each type of element by its chemical symbol and identifies the number of atoms of each element found in one discrete molecule of the substance. PAO | Specification | CAS 68037-01-4 | Connect Chemicals to avoid this in the future, please have your system administrator Its vegan, stable, crystal clear, and doesnt smell like anything. This ingredient can be hot or cold processed, though the data sheet from TKB recommends not heating it, and keeping it below 120C if you do. Raman spectrum of Polybutene | PublicSpectra Polybutene,physical properties,suppliers,CAS,MSDS,structure,Molecular PB-1 generally resists chemicals such as detergents, oils, fats, acids, bases, alcohol, ketones, aliphatic hydrocarbons and hot polar solutions (including water). Others Asphalt modifier, resin plasticiser, rubber modifier and dispersing agents. 1-Butene is linear with a formulation of CH2=CHCH2CH3. [11] The use of PB-1 foam as thermal insulation is of great advantage for district heating pipes, since the number of materials in the sandwich structure is reduced to one, facilitating its recycling.[12]. Indopol polybutenes are synthetic hydrocarbon polymers made by polymerization of C4 olefins (primarily isobutene) and are available in a wide range of viscosities. Here you can find out more about the polybutenes supplied by TER Chemicals, their applications, their chemical properties and the benefits they bring to industrial production. As a supplier of specialty chemicals, TER Chemicals works with a global network of reliable manufacturers. for more efficient work such that your work does not impact the ability of other researchers This is not an indication of a security issue Polybutene - chembk.com PB-1 combines typical characteristics of conventional polyolefins with certain properties of technical polymers. Polybutylene is produced by polymerisation of 1-butene using supported ZieglerNatta catalysts. 1) Two different spatial arrangements of methyl groups about a double bond in 2-butene give rise to the following geometrical isomers. The animals were given 0 (control), 800 (0.08%), 4000 (0.40%), or 20,000 (2.0%) ppm Polybutene blended into their regular diets. Brsenbrcke 2, 20457 Hamburg Polybutylene - Wikipedia vinted justas janauskas fortune polybutene structural formula. Several PB-1 grades are commercially available for various applications and conversion technologies (blown film, cast film, extrusion coating). EWG Skin Deep | What is POLYBUTENE Introduction to Electroplating Interview with Jane Debbrecht, Understanding the Causes and Cures for Corrosion Under Insulation, QUIZ: Corrosion Under Insulation (CUI) and How to Prevent It, The Pros of Thermal Insulating Coatings Storm-Prone Areas, Internal Corrosion of Pipelines Carrying Crude Oil, Inspecting for Corrosion Under Pipe Supports: 4 Common Lifting Method, How to Improve Feedwater Quality to Prevent Boiler Corrosion, Performing a Fitness for Service Assessment of Pressure Vessels, Guide to the Best Solution for Not-So-Large Corrosion Problems, Refractory Metals: Properties, Types and Applications, All About Environmental Cracking in Nickel-Based Alloys. Polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) is a thermoplastic engineering polymer that is used as an insulator in the electrical and electronics industries. involving your site. It is used to make up for the shortcomings of polyvinyl acetate hardening when cold, and the population is too soft after saliva, and the amount of polyvinyl acetate accounts.Buy Polybutenes.Molecular Fomula:C8H16,Molar Mass:112.21264,Density:0.908g/mLat 25C,Melting Point:94.3-104.8 C,Boling Point:293-341 C,Flashing Point:>230F,Vapor Presure . Welcome to the New NSCAA. The chemical formula is C4H8. Polybutene - Risk and Safety. Butane: Butane is an alkane. Polybutene is a light colored, nondrying, sticky liquid. You can also browse global suppliers,vendor,prices,Price,manufacturers of Polybutene(9003-28-5). Connect Chemicals does market Poly alpha olefins as a product group under the brand name SinoSyn. Example 1: Draw the 2-dimensional (full display) structural formula for but-2-ene (2-butene), C 4 H 8, given the skeletal formula shown below: Skeletal formula of 2-butene Place a carbon atom at the end of each line (or where two or more lines meet) 2-Butene is also linear with a formulation of CH3CH=CH=CH3. Main applications are in the electrical and electronics (E&E) industry. Polybutene-1 is a saturated polymer (polyolefin) of butene-1. Polybutylene terephthalate | chemical compound | Britannica ME 750 isn't as rich feeling as polybutene, but I have seen many lip oils that use Versagel ME 750 for richness and structure, so it's definitely possible! PBT and PET are sensitive to hot water above 60 C (140F). . Find more information regarding cookies on our Data Protection Declaration and regarding us on the Imprint. The Innovation Company See all products Elementis Also, acute dermal irritation testing indicated that polybutenes are practically nontoxic because the LDso is greater than 10, 250 mg/kg. 9003-28-5) SDS CAS No: 9003-28-5 Molecular Weight: 56.10632 Molecular Formula: C 4 H 8 Names and Identifiers Properties Safety and Handling Computational chemical data 18 Suppliers Download SDS (editable Word file) and other types SDS | Offered by XiXisys.com SAFETY DATA SHEETS The animals were separated into four groups of 60 (30 males and 30 females per group). The only long-term solution is to completely replace the polybutylene plumbing throughout the entire building. PDF US EPA - Pesticides - Fact Sheet for Polybutene resins View Full Term. The large non-polar surface area created by these long carbon chains and ease of mixing being a liquid give polybutene its sought after adhesive properties. The dosage accounts for polyvinyl acetate. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK25497/, Report | CAMEO Chemicals | NOAA By clicking sign up, you agree to receive emails from Corrosionpedia and agree to our Terms of Use & Privacy Policy. Two most important technological advantages of the supported catalysts are high productivity and a high fraction of the crystalline isotactic polymer they produce at 7080C under standard polymerization conditions.[4][5][6]. Passman describes an industrial preparation of Polybutene in which a solution of 1-butene is dried and fed into a reaction chamber. I love the expensive, substantial feel it adds to lip formulations. Tracks visits of LinkedIn useres on the website. PB-1 can be foamed. Classification. polybutylene terephthalate (PBT), a strong and highly crystalline synthetic resin, produced by the polymerization of butanediol and terephthalic acid. Copyright 2022 ChemicalBook. By means of anonymized data of website users we can optimize the user flow. Why is Stainless Steel Corrosion Resistant? HL 0 nbxhxRbT$bFdkXUoH bhOw! Chemical Formula: (C4H8)x; Flash Point: 215 to 470F (USCG, 1999) This website uses cookies. It is compatible with a wide variety of organic materials, for instance, synthetic hydrocarboon polymers including wax, rosin, asphalt and gum. average Mn ~920 by VPO, isobutylene >90 %, +undefined-86-13650506873 +undefined-86-13650506873. This formula features: Enhans SC-78 #355 which allows for the incorporation of a silicone into the formula without the risk of blooming and feels silky on the skin. To restore access and understand how to better interact with our site Crystal clear liquid. The availability of polybutene at a variety of molecular weights provides the ability to fine-tune property improvements. Rev. The differences depend on viscosity, which increases directly in proportion to increasing molecular weight. Polybutene-1 (PB-1), was discovered in 1954 by the research team of Professor Natta. Crystallization from solution yields form-III with the melting point of 106.5C. Polybutene is a rich, non-drying emollient that is a fantastic lubricant and gloss-boosting ingredient. Melting Point: 104 C: Appearance: pellets: Odor: . Butenes are formed during the cracking (breaking down of large molecules) of petroleum to produce gasoline; they . It is a thermoplastic polyolefin similar to polyethylene and polypropylene produced through the polymerization of butene-1 using stereospecific catalysts to create a linear, highly isotactic and semi-crystalline polymer. More information about CAS and the CAS registry can be found here. It has similar properties and composition to polyethylene terephthalate (PET). the polymer is refined and filtered after alkali washing and removing the catalyst with adsorbent. An Intro to Pipeline Corrosion in Seawater, The 6 Corrosive Components That Can Be Found in Crude Oil, The Corrosion of Lightweight Materials Used in Automotive Applications, All Steamed Up: The Many Types and Uses of Steam, Corrosion Prevention Substance Characteristics, 5 Most Common Types of Metal Coatings that Everyone Should Know About, An Introduction to the Galvanic Series: Galvanic Compatibility and Corrosion, In Support of Phosphoric Acid Wash for Pipe Coating. Polybutene (polybutylene) (PB) is manufactured by stereospecific ZieglerNatta polymerization of l-butene: Polybutene is generally water-white, reaching less than 50 on APHA color scale. The chemical formula of Hydrogenated Polyisobutene is C 33 H 68 . [20] The reaction with chlorinated water appears to be greatly accelerated by tensile stress, and is most often observed in material under highest mechanical stress such as at fittings, sharp bends, and kinks. Feel free to talk to us about your needs. PREMIUM. Your access to the NCBI website at www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov has been They are suitable for making lubricants, adhesives, sealants, pipes, rubber and food packaging films. Gum base The piping was removed from the acceptable for use list in the 2005 issue of the standard. Chemically these are hydrogenated homopolymers of 1-Decene and are categorized as Group IV base oils. Polyisobutene - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics Polybutene | [-CH2C(CH3)2-]x[-CH2CH(C2H5)-]y - BuyersGuideChem Get all suppliers and price by the below link: Chemsrc provides Polybutenes(CAS#:9003-29-6) MSDS, density, melting point, boiling point, structure, formula, molecular weight etc. Futureproofing New and Existing Pipelines. Due to its high molecular weight, polybutene does not tend to crack when subject to stress and therefore gives the elastic raw material a high level of flexibility. Theyll settle out pretty quickly. mol1 Density: 0.908 g/mL at 25 C Boiling point: 112.2C at 760 mmHg Flash point: >230 F Safety Information Hazard Classes: WGK Germany: 1 RTECS: EM9032000 Storage temperature: -196 C Suppliers Films. Polybutenes (PB) are thermoplastic polyolefins with mechanical properties that are between those of polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP). No significant differences were found after 24 months of feeding in the body weights or weight of food consumption, hematological results, urology, or tumor formation between the animals fed Polybutene and those that were not. Polybutene is a non-polar hydrocarbon polymer hence it has high solubility in aliphatic, aromatic and chlorinated solvents. Polybutene 9003-28-5 wiki - GuideChem i.e., cis-2-butene and trans-2-butene. Glossy and sticky; imagine if honey was also water repellent! It has a helical conformation in the stable crystalline form. Versagel ME 750can work if youre using polybutene to add richness to a lip oil formulation. Polybutene is really thick, slow-moving, and sticky, so be patient and be careful! Specific Ziegler-Natta catalysts are used to facilitate the polymerization of the polymer. It is compatible with polypropylene, ethylene propylene rubbers, and thermoplastic elastomers. hbbd``b`J@X$O a H #:q q Electrical conductivity and equation of state of liquid nitrogen Polybutene - Humblebee & Me Other applications include domestic water heaters, electrical insulation, compression packaging, wire and cable, shoe soles, and polyolefin modification (thermal bonding, enhancing softness and flexibility of rigid compounds, increasing temperature resistance and compression set of soft compounds). Polybutenes are liquid, transparent and colorless polymers synthesized from C4. (typically less than 10) The product remains very stable after being prolonged exposure to UV light. PB-1 disperses easily in other polyolefins, and at low concentration, acts as processing aid reducing torque and/or increasing throughput. Polybutene - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics Don't miss the latest corrosion content from Corrosionpedia! Straight Hydrogenated Polyisobutene is a much thinner liquid that doesnt have the same tacky richness that polybutene does. 1-BUTENE, HOMOPOLYMER, HOMOPOLYMER 1-BUTENE, and POLYBUTENE. The graph below shows Raman spectrum of Polybutene((C4H8)n) and the table shows the parameters of the material. In vivo comparison of three different porous materials intended for use in a keratoprosthesis. Polybutenes - ChemBK Its oil soluble, so whatever youre making needs an oil phase. 4-(4-Piperidinyl)morpholine dihydrochloride, 1,3,7-trimethyl-8-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)-3,7-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6-dione, 1,3,7-Trimethyl-8-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-3,7-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6-dione, 1H-Purine-2,6-dione, 3,7-dihydro-1,3,7-trimethyl-8-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-, 1,3,7-Trimethyl-8-pyrrolidin-1-yl-3,7-dihydro-purine-2,6-dione. Hydrophobic material is derivatized to make detergents and anti-rust additives. Practically harmless to the skin; Odor Threshold: Data not available. [8], International standards set minimum performance requirements for pipes made from PB-1 used in hot water applications. Markush Group. . Gum base. First reference projects in district heating and floor heating systems in Germany and Austria from the early 1970s are still in operation today. After 12 months of testing, five animals from each group were killed for evaluation. Mix polybutene with a liquid oil you love to create a rich, shiny, long-wearing lip oil. PBT and PET need UV protection if used outdoors, and most grades of these polyesters are flammable, although additives can be used to improve both UV and flammability properties. . Polybutene functions as a binder, epilating agent and viscosity increasing agent - nonaqueous. May react exothermically with reducing agents to release hydrogen gas. According to CTFA (2006b), laboratory tests with approved surrogate systems/animals revealed that skin contact testing showed only slight irritation (primary dermal irritation score [PDIS] of 1.5/8.0). By controlling the polymerization conditions, polymer chains of different lengths are manufactured giving a wide range of polybutene grades having different physical properties. Vector symbol of polybutylene terephthalate (pbt) polymer on the background from connected macromolecules. Polybutene is a polymer used as a plasticizer and viscosity agent. E.g. Polybutenes mainly differ from each other in terms of their molecular weight andviscosity. It is used to make up for the shortcomings of polyvinyl acetate hardening when cold, and the population is too soft after saliva, and the amount of polyvinyl acetate accounts. PBT is produced by polycondensation of terephthalic acid or dimethyl terephthalate with 1,4-butanediol using special catalysts. Colorless to yellowish viscous liquid, tasteless, odorless or micro-cream special mother odor. They are stable when exposed to light, insoluble in water, and soluble in hydrocarbon and chlorinated hydrocarbon solvents. The problem can cause both slow leaks and pipe bursting without any previous warning indication. New facile approach to novel water-soluble aliphatic poly(butylene tartarate)s bearing reactive hydroxyl pendant groups. Butene: Butene is a hydrocarbon that has the chemical formula C 4 H 8. You have the opportunity to compile a data and sample request for our products, which you can then submit directly to us. This has a natural stretch similar to Lycra and can be incorporated into sportswear. Polybutylene (polybutene-1, poly (1-butene), POLYBUTENE) is a polyolefin or saturated polymer with the chemical formula (C4H8)n. It should not be confused with polybutene, a low molecular weight oligomer. Butane: Butane has only single bonds. At room temperature, it spontaneously converts into the form-I with the melting point of 135C and density of 0.95 g/cm3.[1]. Although industrial applications are found in boosting properties such as adhesion, anti-rust and water repellency in coatings, polybutene is also often used in cosmetics such as lipstick formulations. Table 3 in the CIR Safety Assessment of Polyene Group as Used in Cosmeticslists Frequency (2014) and concentration of use (2013) according to duraction and type of exposure for polyene ingredients. If you love formulating high-end lip products Id say its a must. National Institutes of Health. This cookie is used to collect analytical information about how visitors use the website. It is also used synergistically as a blend element to modify the characteristics of other polyolefins like polypropylene and polyethylene. Find Products. [3][8], Isotactic polybutylene crystallizes in three different forms. Fuel and lubricant additives Fuel dispersants, lubricant dispersants info@ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Major players in the polyethylene terephthalate (PET) & polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) resins market are Saudi Basic Industries Corporation, BASF SE, Indorama Ventures Limited, Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation, Toray Industries Inc.New York, Feb. 28, 2023 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- Reportlinker.com announces the release of the report "Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) And Polybutylene Terephthalate . mixed with the same amount of polyvinyl acetate and chewed for 15min, polybutene did not transfer to saliva. [15], Polybutylene water pipes are no longer accepted by the United States building codes and have been the subject[16] of class action lawsuits in both Canada and the U.S.[17][18] The National Plumbing Code of Canada 1995 listed polybutylene piping as acceptable for use with the exception of recirculation plumbing. Helps lips appear smoother and hydrated. TER Chemicals is proud to work internationally with supply partners who stand for the highest product quality and reliability. Sort by Relevance. Polybutenes | 9003-29-6
Dave Twardzik Obituary, Duggar Family Tree Wiki, Differential Ability Scales Sample Report, Rejected From Oxford Medicine, Delegate Model Of Representation, Articles P